Evaluation of Under Sea-ice Phytoplankton Blooms in the Fully-Coupled, High-Resolution Regional Arctic System Model

First posted online: Fri, 31 Jul 2020 09:53:38 | This content has not been peer reviewed.Manuscript submitted to JGR: OceansThe article of record as published may be found at https://doi.org/10.1002/essoar.10503749.1In July 2011, observations of a massive phytoplankton bloom in the ice-covered waters of the western Chukchi Sea raised questions about the extent and frequency of under seaice blooms and their contribution to the carbon budget in the Arctic Ocean. To address some of these questions, we use the fully-coupled, high-resolution Regional Arctic System Model to simulate Arctic marine biogeochemistry over a thirty-year period. Our results demonstrate the presence of massive under sea-ice blooms in the western Arctic not only in summer of 2011 but annually throughout the simulation period. In addition, similar blooms, yet of lower magnitude occur annually in the eastern Arctic. We investigate the constraints of nitrate concentration and photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) on the initiation, evolution and cessation of under sea-ice blooms. Our results show that increasing PAR reaching the ocean surface through the sea-ice in early summer, when the majority of ice-covered Arctic waters have sufficient surface nitrate levels, is critical to bloom initiation. However, the duration and cessation of under sea-ice blooms is controlled by available nutrient concentrations as well as by the presence of sea-ice. Since modeled critical PAR level are consistently exceeded in summer only in the western Arctic, we therefore conclude that the eastern Arctic blooms shown in our simulations did not develop under sea ice, but were instead, at least in part, formed in open waters upstream and subsequently advected by ocean currents beneath the sea ice.This research was partially supported by the following: Collaborative Research: Understanding Arctic Marine Biogeochemical Response to Climate Change for Seasonal to Decadal Prediction Using Regional and Global Climate Models, Award number IAA1417888, Program NSF ARCSS; High-Latitude Application and Testing of Earth System Models Phase II, Award number IAA89243019SSC000030, Program DOERGMA; Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland in the frame of co-financed international project agreement Award number 3808/FAO/2017/0 RASMer.This research was partially supported by the following: Collaborative Research: Understanding Arctic Marine Biogeochemical Response to Climate Change for Seasonal to Decadal Prediction Using Regional and Global Climate Models, Award number IAA1417888, Program NSF ARCSS; High-Latitude Application and Testing of Earth System Models Phase II, Award number IAA89243019SSC000030, Program DOERGMA; Ministry of Science and Higher Education in Poland in the frame of co-financed international project agreement Award number 3808/FAO/2017/0 RASMer

Неравенство доходов, его субъективное восприятие и влияние на психосоциальное самочувствие населения

Purpose of research. The work is devoted to the study of socio-economic differentiation in Russia and its impact on the financial situation of the population, its subjective perception, as well as on the psychosocial well-being of individuals. To achieve this goal, the following tasks are to be solved: clustering of regions of the Russian Federation, based on socio-economic indexes; studying the interrelation between the level of socio-economic development of the region and the financial situation of residents; studying the interrelation between the level of socio-economic development of the region and the subjective perception by individuals of their financial situation; studying the interrelation between the level of socio-economic development of the region and the psychosocial well-being of individuals.Materials and methods. The information base of the study includes: regional data, published by the State Committee on Statistics in the digest “Russian Federation Regions”, household survey data “Russian monitoring of the economic situation and health of the population HSE” (RLMS-HSE). Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey of Higher School of Economics is a representative socio-economic survey of Russian households, in which the content structure of the used questionnaires meets the standard, adopted in the world practice.The study uses the following methods: cluster analysis (k-means method), statistical groupings, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney statistical tests.Results. The study showed that:– the Russian Federation regions are very heterogeneous in terms of socio-economic development – specific indicators for the regions may differ significantly. It should be taken into account in the study of any social and economic problems, including the problems of income inequality;– Russian regions can be divided into four clusters. Analysis of the petal diagram of clusters made it possible to reveal their features and give them generalized characteristics. The first cluster includes regions with very high investment, fixed assets and GRP per capita. The second cluster includes regions with an average level of development. The third cluster includes regions with a high level of development. The fourth cluster includes depressive regions;– There is a clear correlation between the level of socio-economic development of the region of residence and the objective financial situation of residents: the incomes of respondents, living in the leading regions are significantly higher than the incomes of respondents of other clusters; the incomes of respondents, living in depressed regions are lower than the incomes of respondents of other clusters;– Individuals’ perception of their financial situation and their concerns are practically the same in all clusters and do not correlate with the level of socio-economic development of the region of residence;– The level of economic development of the region of residence does not have a significant direct impact on psychosocial well-being – individuals from different clusters feel almost equally satisfied with life and almost equally happy.Цель исследования. Работа посвящена исследованию социально-экономической дифференциации в России и ее влиянию на материальное положение населения, его субъективное восприятие, а также на психосоциальное самочувствие индивидов.Для достижения поставленной цели последовательно решаются следующие задачи: кластеризация регионов России по социально-экономическим показателям; изучение взаимосвязи между уровнем социально-экономического развития региона проживания и объективным материальным положением жителей; изучение взаимосвязи между уровнем социально-экономического развития региона и субъективным восприятием индивидами своего материального положения; изучение взаимосвязи между уровнем социально-экономического развития региона и психо-социальным самочувствием индивидов.Материалы и методы. Информационная база исследования включает: данные по регионам, публикуемые Государственным комитетом по статистике в сборнике «Регионы России», данные обследования домохозяйств «Российский мониторинг экономического положения и здоровья населения НИУ ВШЭ» (RLMS-HSE). RLMS-HSE – репрезентативное социально-экономическое обследование российских домохозяйств, в котором содержательная структура используемых вопросников отвечает стандарту, принятому в мировой практике. В исследовании используются следующие методы: кластерный анализ  методом  k-средних,  статистические  группировки, статистические тесты Крускалла-Уоллиса и Манна-Уитни.Результаты. Проведенное исследование показало, что:– регионы РФ очень неоднородны по уровню социально-экономического развития – удельные показатели по регионам могут отличаться в разы, что необходимо учитывать при исследовании любых социально-экономических проблем, в том числе и проблемы неравенства доходов;– с использованием кластерного анализа регионы РФ удалось разделить на четыре кластера. Анализ лепестковой диаграммы конечных центров кластеров позволил выявить их особенности и дать им обобщенную характеристику. Первый кластер – регионы, с очень высокими показателями инвестиций, основных фондов и ВРП на душу населения. Второй кластер – регионы со средним уровнем развития. Третий кластер – регионы с высоким уровнем развития. Четвертый кластер – депрессивные регионы;– сравнительный анализ материального положения жителей регионов с разным уровнем развития показывает, что существует четкая корреляционная связь между материальным положением населения и уровнем развития региона: доходы респондентов, проживающих в регионах-лидерах, существенно выше доходов респондентов других кластеров; доходы респондентов-жителей депрессивных регионов ниже доходов респондентов других кластеров;– восприятие индивидами своего материального положения и обеспокоенность им практически одинаковы во всех кластерах и не коррелируют с уровнем социально-экономического развития региона проживания;–  уровень  экономического развития региона проживания не оказывает существенного прямого влияния на психосоциальное самочувствие – индивиды из разных кластеров чувствуют себя практически одинаково удовлетворенными жизнью и практически одинаково счастливыми

Winter mesoscale circulation on the shelf slope region of the southern Drake Passage

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2013. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Elsevier B.V. for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 90 (2013): 4-14, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2013.03.041.An austral winter cruise in July-August 2006 was conducted to study the winter circulation and iron delivery processes in the Southern Drake Passage and Bransfield Strait. Results from current and hydrographic measurements revealed a circulation pattern similar to that of the austral summer season observed in previous studies: The Shackleton Transverse Ridge (STR) in the southern Drake Passage blocks a part of the eastward Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) which forces the ACC to detour southward, produces a Taylor Column over the STR, and forms an ACC jet within the Shackleton Gap, a deep channel between the STR and the shelf of Elephant Island. Observations show that to the west of the STR, the Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW) intruded onto the shelf around the South Shetland Islands while to the east of the STR, shelf waters were transported off the northern shelf of Elephant Island. Along a similar west-east transect approximately 50 km off the shelf, the northward transport of shelf waters was approximately 2.4 and 1.2 Sv in the austral winter and summer, respectively. The waters around Elephant Island primarily consist of the UCDW that has been modified by local cooling and freshening, unmodified UCDW that has recently intruded onto the shelf, and Bransfield Current water that is a mixture of shelf and Bransfield Strait waters. Weddell Sea outflows were observed which affect the hydrography and circulation in the Bransfield Strait and indirectly affect the circulation patterns in the southern Drake Passage and around Elephant Island. Two Fe enrichment and transport mechanisms are proposed that intrusions of the UCDW onto the northern shelf region of the South Shetland Islands is considered as the results of Ekman pumping due to prevailing westerly wind in the region while the offshelf transport of shelf waters in the shelf region east of Elephant Island is due to acquisition of positive vorticity by shelf waters from horizontal mixing with onshelf intruded ACC waters.This project was supported by the National Science Foundation grant numbers OPP-0229966, ANT-0444040 and ANT-0948378 to M. Zhou, OPP0230445, ANT0443403 and ANT-0948357 to C. Measures, ANT0443869 and ANT-0948442 to M. Charette, and OPP0230443, ANT0444134 and ANT0948338 to B.G. Mitchell

Arctic Ecosystem Changes from Gloal Community Earthc System Model (CESM) and Regional Arctic System Model (RASM)

The Arctic Ocean is currently experiencing rapid and large environmental changes related to global warming. Many small scale physical processes, such as mesoscale eddies, mixed layer dynamics, ocean boundary and coastal currents, varying sea ice edges, upwelling can influence nutrient transport, light availability and ocean stratification, thus are critical for understanding marine primary production and carbon cycling in the Arctic Ocean. A high-resolution pan-Arctic regional earth system model (RASM) was developed to investigate the ecosystem response to climate changes in seasonal to decadal scales. Here we show some initial results from the high resolution ecosystem model and comparison with results from coarse resolution global community earth system model. Both models include coupled ice algal submodel at the bottom of sea ice and intermediate NPZD pelagic ecosystem submodel in water column

Complete Loss of P/Q Calcium Channel Activity Caused by a CACNA1A Missense Mutation Carried by Patients with Episodic Ataxia Type 2

Familial hemiplegic migraine, episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 are allelic disorders of the CACNA1A gene (coding for the α1A subunit of P/Q calcium channels), usually associated with different types of mutations (missense, protein truncating, and expansion, respectively). However, the finding of expansion and missense mutations in patients with EA2 has blurred this genotype-phenotype correlation. We report the first functional analysis of a new missense mutation, associated with an EA2 phenotype—that is, T→C transition of nt 4747 in exon 28, predicted to change a highly conserved phenylalanine residue to a serine at codon 1491, located in the putative transmembrane segment S6 of domain III. Patch-clamp recording in HEK 293 cells, coexpressing the mutagenized human α1A-2 subunit, together with human β4 and α2δ subunits, showed that channel activity was completely abolished, although the mutated protein is expressed in the cell. These results indicate that a complete loss of P/Q channel function is the mechanism underlying EA2, whether due to truncating or to missense mutations

Custom Integrated Circuits

Contains reports on ten research projects.Analog Devices, Inc.IBM CorporationNational Science Foundation/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Grant MIP 88-14612Analog Devices Career Development Assistant ProfessorshipU.S. Navy - Office of Naval Research Contract N0014-87-K-0825AT&TDigital Equipment CorporationNational Science Foundation Grant MIP 88-5876

New genetic loci link adipose and insulin biology to body fat distribution.

Body fat distribution is a heritable trait and a well-established predictor of adverse metabolic outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. To increase our understanding of the genetic basis of body fat distribution and its molecular links to cardiometabolic traits, here we conduct genome-wide association meta-analyses of traits related to waist and hip circumferences in up to 224,459 individuals. We identify 49 loci (33 new) associated with waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (BMI), and an additional 19 loci newly associated with related waist and hip circumference measures (P < 5 × 10(-8)). In total, 20 of the 49 waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI loci show significant sexual dimorphism, 19 of which display a stronger effect in women. The identified loci were enriched for genes expressed in adipose tissue and for putative regulatory elements in adipocytes. Pathway analyses implicated adipogenesis, angiogenesis, transcriptional regulation and insulin resistance as processes affecting fat distribution, providing insight into potential pathophysiological mechanisms

The age of iron and iron source attribution in the ocean

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2016GB005418All iron data used in this study are available from GEOTRACES (http://www.bodc.ac.uk/geotraces/data)We use tracers to partition dissolved iron (dFe) into the contributions from each source within a numerical model of the iron cycle without perturbing the system. These contributions are further partitioned according to the time since injection into the ocean, which defines their iron-age spectrum and mean iron age. The utility of these diagnostics is illustrated for a family of inverse model estimates of the iron cycle, constrained by a data-assimilated circulation and available dFe measurements. The source contributions are compared with source anomalies defined as the differences between solutions with and without the source in question. We find that in the Southern Ocean euphotic zone, the hydrothermal and sediment contributions range from 15% to 30% of the total each, which the anomalies underestimate by a factorof∼2becauseofthenonlinearityofscavenging.Theironageisonlyresetbyscavengingandattains a mean of several hundred years in the Southern Ocean euphotic zone, revealing that aeolian iron there is supplied primarily from depth as regenerated dFe. Tagging iron according to source region and pathways shows that 70–80% of the aeolian dFe in the euphotic zone near Antarctica is supplied from north of 46∘S via paths that reach below 1 km depth. Hydrothermal iron has the oldest surface mean ages on the order of middepth ventilation times. A measure of uncertainty is provided by the systematic variations of our diagnostics across the family of iron cycle estimates, each member of which has a different aeolian sourcestrength.Australian Research CouncilGovernment of MonacoScientific Centre of MonacoFrères Louis et Max Principale FoundationCuomo FoundationAustralian Research Council grant DP12010067

Effects of horizontal advection and vertical mixing on natural iron fertilization in Southern Drake Passage

A combination of in situ and satellite data is used to examine the effects of horizontal advection, diapycnal mixing, and mixed-layer entrainment on natural iron fertilization in a region near the Shackleton Fracture Zone in southern Drake Passage. Results from Optimal Multiparameter analysis of temperature, salinity, oxygen and nutrient data are consistent with a scenario in which iron-rich shelf waters from the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic peninsula are advected northward on the eastern side of the Shackleton Transverse Ridge (STR), where they interact with the low-iron waters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the Ona Basin. However, comparisons between sea surface height and Chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) levels in the region for the years 1997–2010 indicate that this advection process is significantly correlated with biological productivity only during the months of November and December, while high Chl-a concentrations persist through March. Enhanced diapycnal mixing and mixed-layer entrainment are considered as alternative mechanisms for delivering iron into the Ona Basin mixed layer. While fine-scale mixing estimates lack the vertical resolution to fully resolve the small-scale density fluctuations in the low-stratification regime of the Southern Ocean, microstructure measurements indicate that diapycnal diffusivities in Drake Passage are on the order of 10−4 m2 s−1. Based on these diffusivities, estimates of iron flux from iron concentrations measured during the summer of 2004 and winter of 2006 suggest that diapycnal mixing alone can supply iron ito the mixed layer at a rate of approximately 96±9 nmol m −2 day−1 during the winter and approximately 64±2 nmol m−2 day−1 during the summer. In addition, the Ona Basin mixed layer deepens from January into April, allowing for iron to be steadily entrained from below. Simulation of these vertical processes with a simple one-dimensional model yields an estimated mixed-layer entrainment rate of 12±9 nmol m−2 day−1, while the combined effect of mixing and entrainment can supply 176±44~nmol m−2 day−1 into the top 30 m from January to April, which is sufficient to sustain the phytoplankton bloom that persists in the basin throughout the summer months